Kim, J., Imig, J
As dogs age, many begin to show signs of reduced mobility, joint stiffness, or chronic painespecially breeds prone to arthritis, hip dysplasia, or degenerative joint disease
Interestingly, the mesenchymal shift by Day 45 suggests greater cellular complexity at later stages, potentially facilitating iHLO use in modeling liver pathologies such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver remodeling, as indicated by increased expression of hepatic stellate cell markers such as DES and VIM 33,34
The single published case series showing symptomatic improvement following intra-articular BPC-157 injection for knee pain provides preliminary support for this indication, though the small sample size, retrospective design, and lack of imaging or biomarker assessment limit conclusions